The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and the National Register of Citizens (NRC) are both controversial laws in India that have been the subject of widespread protests. 

CAA

• The CAA was passed by Parliament in December 2019 and came into effect in January 2020. 
• The CAA gives citizenship to migrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan who entered India before December 31, 2014. 
• The CAA is aimed at non-Muslims who have faced religious persecution in these countries. 
• The CAA has been criticized for being discriminatory and for excluding Muslims, Rohingyas, Sri Lankan Tamils, and others. 
• The CAA has been challenged in court on the basis of Article 14 of the Constitution of India. 

NRC 

• The NRC is a register that is intended to identify and deport “illegal” immigrants.
• The NRC has only been implemented in Assam so far.
• The BJP has declared its intention to implement the NRC nationwide.

The CAA and NRC protests began in Assam in December 2019 and spread to other states.